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General Formula: CnH2n+1COOH, n = 0, 1, 2, ….. Functional Group: Carboxyl First 3 Members: Carboxylic Acids are weak acid. The functional group of carboxylic acids is carboxyl group. When dissolve in water, the carboxyl group will ionise to produce a hydrogen ion. Naming Carboxylic Acids All carboxylic acid names end with the suffix ‘oic’. For … Read more
General Formula: CnH2n+1OH, n = 1, 2, 3, ……. Functional Group: Hydroxyl First 3 Members: Chemical Properties: 1. Alcohols are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by an -OH group. Naming Alcohols All alcohol members have a suffix ‘anol’. For example, methanol, ethanol, propanol …… The nomenclature of … Read more
General Formula: CnH2n, n = 2, 3, 4, …. Functional Group: Double Bond First 3 Members: Chemical Properties: MUST Know! Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkenes are a family of hydrocarbons (compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only) containing a carbon-carbon double bond. Therefore, alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. The general formula for alkene is CnH2n where n = … Read more
A molecular formula is a chemical formula which shows the actual number of atoms of each element present in one molecule of a substance A structural formula is a chemical formula which shows the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule of a substance. Writing the Structural Formulae Rules to be followed: All atoms are … Read more
General Formula: CnH2n+2, n = 1, 2, 3, … Functional Group: No Functional Group First 3 Members: Alkane are the simplest family of hydrocarbons – compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only. They only contain carbon-hydrogen bonds and carbon-carbon single bonds. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbon Nomenclature of Alkanes Nomenclature = Naming method. All organic carbon compounds … Read more
Carbon is located in group 14. A carbon atom contains 6 electrons, therefore the electronic configuration is 2.4. It has 4 valance electrons in the outermost orbital, as shown in the diagram. In order to achieve a stable outer octet of electrons, it forms four covalent bonds. Example Methane When a carbon atom combines with … Read more
Keeping food in a refrigerator If food is kept in the fridge, the food will keep longer because the low temperature will slow down the rate of the chemical reaction which destroys food. Cooking food in a pressure cooker In a pressure cooker, the high pressure causes the water in the cooker to boil at … Read more
The collision theory states that: The particles of the reacting need to touch to enable the formation or breaking of the bonds for a reaction to happen. Collisions of particles of a reacting substance need to achieve certain minimum energy (Activation Energy) in order to produce a reaction. Particles that collide also need to have … Read more
There are 4 factors that can affect the rate of a reaction, namely the total surface area of the reactant (solid only) the concentration of the reactant (solution only) the temperature of the reactant presense of catalyst in the reactant the pressure of the reactant (gas only) Total Surface Area For same amount of reactant, particles … Read more
Graph of Product/Reactant Change Against Time In a chemical reaction, the reactants will decrease over time the product will increase over time. the rate of reaction will decrease over time owing to the decrease in concentration and total surface area of reactants. In a graph of quantity of product/reactant over time, the rate of reaction … Read more