Carbon Compound

Preparing Carboxylic Acids Making Carboxylic Acids by Oxidising Primary Alcohols  Alcohols can be oxidised to carboxylic acids using potassium dichromate(VI) solution in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid. Chemical Equation below represents the reaction.  C2H5OH+2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O The figure below shows the apparatus set up to prepare ethanoic acid. The mixture is heated … Read more

Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids Boiling points The greater the number of carbons in the molecule, the higher the boiling point of a carboxylic acid. The boiling points of carboxylic acids are higher than the alcohols of same number of carbons. Solubility in water The small molecule carboxylic acid such as methanoic acid and ethanoic … Read more

General Formula: CnH2n+1COOH, n = 0, 1, 2, ….. Functional Group: Carboxyl First 3 Members: Carboxylic Acids are weak acid. The functional group of carboxylic acids is carboxyl group. When dissolve in water, the carboxyl group will ionise to produce a hydrogen ion. Naming Carboxylic Acids All carboxylic acid names end with the suffix ‘oic’. For … Read more

Uses of Alcohols Alcohol can be used as beverage fuel solvent Antiseptic

Chemical Properties of Alcohol Combustion of Alcohol As the hydrocarbon, alcohols undergo combustion with the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Combustion of alcohol produces less soot compares to combustion of alkanes and alkenes due to the presence of oxygen in the –OH group. Owing to the presence of the –OH group, … Read more

Preparing Alcohol Alcohols can be prepared by using 2 methods Hydration of alkene Fermentation Hydration of Alkene When we discuss the chemical properties of alkenes, we have learned that, when alkenes undergo addition reaction with steam, alcohol will be produced. (see hydration of alkenes). Equations below shows the hydration of ethene and propene to produce ethanol and … Read more

Physical Properties Alcohol Boiling Points The boiling point of alcohol is always much higher than that of the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. This is because, the presence of the hydroxyl group gives extra force between the molecules, hence more heat energy is needed to overcome the intermolecular force when boiling. The … Read more

Isomerism of Alcohol Isomerism of alcohol is because of: the position of hydroxyl group the presence of branch (alkyl group) in the molecule ExampleIsomers of propanol Isomers of butanol

General Formula: CnH2n+1OH, n = 1, 2, 3, ……. Functional Group: Hydroxyl First 3 Members: Chemical Properties: 1.      Alcohols are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by an -OH group. Naming Alcohols All alcohol members have a suffix ‘anol’. For example, methanol, ethanol, propanol …… The nomenclature of … Read more

Differences Between Alkane and Alkene Table below shows the difference between alkane and alkene. Alkane Alkene General Formula CnH2n+2 CnH2n Types of hydrocarbon Saturated Unsaturatd Combustion Less sooty flame when burnt Sootier flame when burn Reaction with bromine liquid No change observed The reddish brown colour of bromine become colourless Reaction with potassium manganete(VII) No … Read more