Redox Equilibrium

Laboratory Activity 1H (Purification of Metals by Electrolysis):Aim: To study the purification of copper by electrolysis.Materials: 1.0 mol dm−3 of copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 solution, impure copper plate and pure copper plate.Apparatus: Beaker, battery, connecting wires with crocodile clips, ammeter and switch.Procedure:1. Pour 1.0 mol dm−3 of copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 solution into a beaker until half full.2. … Read more

Laboratory Activity 1G (Electroplating of Metals by Electrolysis) :Aim: To study the electroplating of an iron spoon with copper.Materials: 1.0 mol dm−3 of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution, iron spoon, copper plate and sandpaper.Apparatus: Beaker, battery, connecting wires with crocodile clips, ammeter, switch and rheostat.Procedure:1. Clean the copper plate and iron spoon with sandpaper.2. Pour 1.0 … Read more

Activity 1K:Carry out this activity collaboratively in groups.1. Based on Figure 1.32, write the half equations for the reactions at the electrodes and explain the differences in observations of both cells.2. Share your group’s findings with other groups using multimedia presentations. Answer:1. – Electrolytic cell:$$ \text { Anode(+): } \mathrm{Cu} \rightarrow \mathrm{Cu}^{2+}+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} \quad \text … Read more

Activity 1J:Carry out the activity in groups.1. Carefully study the electrolytic cell in Figure 1.31 (a) and Figure 1.31 (b).2. Based on Figures 1.31 (a) and 1.31 (b), discuss:(a) the products formed on each electrode.(b) half equations for each electrode.(c) changes in the products if the concentrations of the electrolyte is changed to 0.0001 mol … Read more

Experiment 1C (The Effects of Type of Electrode on the Selection of Ions to be Discharged) :Aim: To study the effects of the type of electrode used on the selective discharge of ions at the electrodes.Problem statement: Does the type of electrode used affect the selective discharge of ions at the electrodes?Hypothesis: Construct a hypothesis … Read more

Experiment 1B (The Effects of Concentrations of Ions in Solutions on the Selective Discharge of Ions) :Aim: To study the effects of the concentrations of ions in hydrochloric acid, HCl on the selective discharge of ions at the electrode.Problem statement: Does the concentration of hydrochloric acid, HCl affect the selection of ions to be discharged … Read more

Laboratory Activity 1F (Electrolysis of an Aqueous Solution Using Carbon Electrodes):Aim: To study the electrolysis of the aqueous solution of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 and dilute sulphuric acid, H2SO4 with carbon electrodes.Materials: 0.1 mol dm−3 of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution and 0.1 mol dm−3 of sulphuric acid, H2SO4Apparatus: Electrolytic cell, battery, carbon electrodes, connecting wire with … Read more

Activity 1l :1. Using a suitable thinking map, predict the observation and explain how the products of electrolysis are formed at the anode and cathode for:(a) molten zinc oxide, ZnO.(b) molten magnesium chloride, MgCl2. Answer: (a)(b)

Laboratory Activity 1E (Electrolysis of Molten Lead(II) bromide, PbBr2):Aim: To study the electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide, PbBr2.Material: Lead(II) bromide powder, PbBr2.Apparatus: Beaker, crucible, light bulb, battery, carbon electrodes, connecting wire with crocodile clip, switch, tripod stand, pipe clay triangle and Bunsen burner.Procedure:1. Fill a crucible with lead(II) bromide powder, PbBr2 until half full.2. Place … Read more

Activity 1H:Compounds can be classified into electrolytes and non-electrolytes. How do you prove a substance is an electrolyte or non-electrolyte?1. Carry out this activity in pairs.2. Each group will choose one substance X to be investigated. Substance X provided are as follows:(a) Solid copper(II) chloride, CuCl2(b) Solid glucose, C6H12O6(c) Solid oxalic acid, C2H2O4(d) Aqueous ammonia, … Read more